Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2014). Feminist research practice : A primer (Second edition. ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications "Putting together your research project" Sharlene Hesse-Biber
"Write down your research problem in one sentence.
Write down two questions that are related to this problem." p.390
"In what sense is reality knowable?
How do I perceive the social world?
Do I perceive that meaning is multiple and subjective, or do I assume that there is a "truth" out there waiting to be found?" p.390
"Once you have honed in on a specific research area and/or topic, begin to review the research literature." p.390
"How have other researchers approached your topic? With what questions?
What has been the history of research on this topic?
What are the research controversies within this literature?
What is known? Which findings seem most relevant to your interests?
What remains to be done - that is, which burning questions still need to be addressed concerning your topics?" p.391
"look at the types of issues other scholars tackle regarding your research problem area and the way they specify their study in terms of asking specific research questions." p.391
"Given the cyclical and iterative nature of the qualitative research process, with its emphasis on discovery, the literature review may need to be conducted at multiple points in the research process as new discoveries are made within the data" p.393
What kind of method will you use? It is important that the "methods are tihtly linked to research problems." p.394
Data analysis - grounded theory data analysis:
"What is going on?
What are people doing?
What is the person doing?
What do these actions and statements take for granted?" p.395
"A grounded theory analysis consists of cycles of coding...
1. Assigning words to segments of text
2. Sorting coded text segments in new ways.
3. Condensing data into analysable segments.
4. Generating analytical concepts" p.395
And memoing:
"1. Summarising data through descriptions
2. Including key quotes
3. Reflexively writing ideas about your analysis and interpretations of your data
4. Asking questions like: "What is going on here? How are these codes/categories related? What is not related? What does all this mean?" p.396
A narrative analysis - "the ways in which participants frame meaning in terms of the stories they relate to you in their interviews... Is it, for example, episodic or chronological? Is the meaning of specific stories contained within their interview? How do participants represent their lived reality in a story form?" p.397
How will I interpret findings from my analysis of the data collected?
In-depth interviewing "certain social attributes of researcher and researched can impact issues of power and authority in the research process" p.399
"What power does the researcher have in determining whose voice will be heard in the interpretation of research findings?" p.399
Different levels of meaning making in the telling and interpretation of narratives:
1. First-level narrative - the person who tells the story and their understanding of the event.
2. Second level of meaning - the researcher constructs from the personal experience and their expertise
"the storyteller's viewpoint ought to be present within the interpretation." p.399
How will I write up my methods project?
"The reader needs to follow the logic you employed to analyse your data and to understand the rationale behind your selection of a given set of methods to answer your research problem." p.400
"It's also important to let the reader know the drawbacks of your research project: what you didn't do." p.400
Ethical issues - "how your study might benefit the participants who agreed to be a part of your study, and how much do you go out of your way to provide some type of reciprocity for the time and effort they gave in making your study a reality?"
Framing Hesse-Biber's research around my own
Research problem
I am interested in understanding the impact of foreign women joining ISIS. I have read lots of news articles surrounding a specific case, of a woman named Shamima Begum, who is from the U.K. and would like to return. She claims to have done nothing but stay indoors and look after her children and husband for three years whilst she was in Syria, from the age of 15. As ISIS fell, she and her husband fled, her first two children having died of starvation and malnutrition. She gave birth a few days after the British media interviewed her in a UN refugee camp, in Syria. There are three parts to my interest: media attention and speculation (ISIS propaganda and anti-immigration, islamophobic rhetoric), affective labour and emotional support, and citizenship and statelessness. Since the caliphate have only recently collapsed, stories are now being told about the women and children who have been separated from their fighter husbands and fathers. A lot of the literature is based on attributing or excusing them of blame, which I am not interested in doing. I want to research the specific gendered impact of foreign nationals who joined ISIS.
Research design
I would like to interview women who are involved with families that try and prevent their children from being radicalised online. I would like to ask them what they believe ISIS was specifically interested in targeting foreign women to join their cause. I would also like to interview a woman who lived in Syria, as a housewife, what her role included: what kinds of affective labour did she perform, and how important she thought that was to her husband's ability to continue fighting in such a violent regime. I will try and solicit interviews from specific women from Twitter/Facebook/their websites. I will conduct in-depth interviews because this is a topic that is difficult to discuss in a short form, as there are many contributing factors. I will begin the interviews with open-ended questions with the goal of allowing the women to guide the conversation in a way they feel most comfortable with. I am mindful that I am an outside in this setting as I have not been personally involved in any aspect of the cases I am discussing, and have no experience of it. I am not a mother, I do not live with a partner for whom I perform affective labour, I have not been radicalised and I do not have connections with ISIS. I believe the power dynamic leaves me at the lower end as I am reliant on the interviewees to share their stories.
"How do my unique differences bump up against those I interview? What biases do I bring to the interview situation?" p.403
I will gather my data through using a recording app on my iPhone, or if the interview is over Skype, I will record the screen. All participants will be informed of this before the interview occurs. It is important that I let interviewees know that if they feel like they have something else to talk about, we can. The speech is as important as the silences, the repetitions, the stutters and the redacted words. All participants will have to sign consent forms that allow me to use the data collected during the interview.
I will use a grounded theory analysis because I would like to dissect the meaning of the interviews I conduct. After the interviews, I will listen to the interviews, transcribe them, and make any notes that come to mind in memos and then I will read through the transcription and code the meaning of the speech. Coding helps me to compare what participants are saying about the same thing.
Checklist
Is the question clearly stated, clear, focused, ethical, significant? "Show the reader, through your review of the research literature, how pursuing your particular problem will make a contribution." p.410
What are some criteria for assessing the validity of your research study? Do participants recognise their own experiences in your analysis and interpretation of the data?
Did you clearly describe your sampling procedure? Did you justify your selection of your sample procedure, given your research question? Did you clearly explain your rationale for selecting your method?
Did you state the ethical issues and did you address them clearly in your project?
Did you fully describe your data analysis procedure, and justify why you chose that one?
Can the read get a sense of the meaning of your data from your written findings? Does the evidence fit my data?
Do you provide some recommendations for future research? Have I discussed important limitations of my research?
What is the significance of my research?
"Write down your research problem in one sentence.
Write down two questions that are related to this problem." p.390
"In what sense is reality knowable?
How do I perceive the social world?
Do I perceive that meaning is multiple and subjective, or do I assume that there is a "truth" out there waiting to be found?" p.390
"Once you have honed in on a specific research area and/or topic, begin to review the research literature." p.390
"How have other researchers approached your topic? With what questions?
What has been the history of research on this topic?
What are the research controversies within this literature?
What is known? Which findings seem most relevant to your interests?
What remains to be done - that is, which burning questions still need to be addressed concerning your topics?" p.391
"look at the types of issues other scholars tackle regarding your research problem area and the way they specify their study in terms of asking specific research questions." p.391
"Given the cyclical and iterative nature of the qualitative research process, with its emphasis on discovery, the literature review may need to be conducted at multiple points in the research process as new discoveries are made within the data" p.393
What kind of method will you use? It is important that the "methods are tihtly linked to research problems." p.394
Data analysis - grounded theory data analysis:
"What is going on?
What are people doing?
What is the person doing?
What do these actions and statements take for granted?" p.395
"A grounded theory analysis consists of cycles of coding...
1. Assigning words to segments of text
2. Sorting coded text segments in new ways.
3. Condensing data into analysable segments.
4. Generating analytical concepts" p.395
And memoing:
"1. Summarising data through descriptions
2. Including key quotes
3. Reflexively writing ideas about your analysis and interpretations of your data
4. Asking questions like: "What is going on here? How are these codes/categories related? What is not related? What does all this mean?" p.396
A narrative analysis - "the ways in which participants frame meaning in terms of the stories they relate to you in their interviews... Is it, for example, episodic or chronological? Is the meaning of specific stories contained within their interview? How do participants represent their lived reality in a story form?" p.397
How will I interpret findings from my analysis of the data collected?
In-depth interviewing "certain social attributes of researcher and researched can impact issues of power and authority in the research process" p.399
"What power does the researcher have in determining whose voice will be heard in the interpretation of research findings?" p.399
Different levels of meaning making in the telling and interpretation of narratives:
1. First-level narrative - the person who tells the story and their understanding of the event.
2. Second level of meaning - the researcher constructs from the personal experience and their expertise
"the storyteller's viewpoint ought to be present within the interpretation." p.399
How will I write up my methods project?
"The reader needs to follow the logic you employed to analyse your data and to understand the rationale behind your selection of a given set of methods to answer your research problem." p.400
"It's also important to let the reader know the drawbacks of your research project: what you didn't do." p.400
Ethical issues - "how your study might benefit the participants who agreed to be a part of your study, and how much do you go out of your way to provide some type of reciprocity for the time and effort they gave in making your study a reality?"
Framing Hesse-Biber's research around my own
Research problem
I am interested in understanding the impact of foreign women joining ISIS. I have read lots of news articles surrounding a specific case, of a woman named Shamima Begum, who is from the U.K. and would like to return. She claims to have done nothing but stay indoors and look after her children and husband for three years whilst she was in Syria, from the age of 15. As ISIS fell, she and her husband fled, her first two children having died of starvation and malnutrition. She gave birth a few days after the British media interviewed her in a UN refugee camp, in Syria. There are three parts to my interest: media attention and speculation (ISIS propaganda and anti-immigration, islamophobic rhetoric), affective labour and emotional support, and citizenship and statelessness. Since the caliphate have only recently collapsed, stories are now being told about the women and children who have been separated from their fighter husbands and fathers. A lot of the literature is based on attributing or excusing them of blame, which I am not interested in doing. I want to research the specific gendered impact of foreign nationals who joined ISIS.
Research design
I would like to interview women who are involved with families that try and prevent their children from being radicalised online. I would like to ask them what they believe ISIS was specifically interested in targeting foreign women to join their cause. I would also like to interview a woman who lived in Syria, as a housewife, what her role included: what kinds of affective labour did she perform, and how important she thought that was to her husband's ability to continue fighting in such a violent regime. I will try and solicit interviews from specific women from Twitter/Facebook/their websites. I will conduct in-depth interviews because this is a topic that is difficult to discuss in a short form, as there are many contributing factors. I will begin the interviews with open-ended questions with the goal of allowing the women to guide the conversation in a way they feel most comfortable with. I am mindful that I am an outside in this setting as I have not been personally involved in any aspect of the cases I am discussing, and have no experience of it. I am not a mother, I do not live with a partner for whom I perform affective labour, I have not been radicalised and I do not have connections with ISIS. I believe the power dynamic leaves me at the lower end as I am reliant on the interviewees to share their stories.
"How do my unique differences bump up against those I interview? What biases do I bring to the interview situation?" p.403
I will gather my data through using a recording app on my iPhone, or if the interview is over Skype, I will record the screen. All participants will be informed of this before the interview occurs. It is important that I let interviewees know that if they feel like they have something else to talk about, we can. The speech is as important as the silences, the repetitions, the stutters and the redacted words. All participants will have to sign consent forms that allow me to use the data collected during the interview.
I will use a grounded theory analysis because I would like to dissect the meaning of the interviews I conduct. After the interviews, I will listen to the interviews, transcribe them, and make any notes that come to mind in memos and then I will read through the transcription and code the meaning of the speech. Coding helps me to compare what participants are saying about the same thing.
Checklist
Is the question clearly stated, clear, focused, ethical, significant? "Show the reader, through your review of the research literature, how pursuing your particular problem will make a contribution." p.410
What are some criteria for assessing the validity of your research study? Do participants recognise their own experiences in your analysis and interpretation of the data?
Did you clearly describe your sampling procedure? Did you justify your selection of your sample procedure, given your research question? Did you clearly explain your rationale for selecting your method?
Did you state the ethical issues and did you address them clearly in your project?
Did you fully describe your data analysis procedure, and justify why you chose that one?
Can the read get a sense of the meaning of your data from your written findings? Does the evidence fit my data?
Do you provide some recommendations for future research? Have I discussed important limitations of my research?
What is the significance of my research?
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